Sutra 4

Devanagari script

तेषु चैतावच्चातुर्वार्ण्यमेतावन्तः कर्षकगोरक्षकवैदेहककारुकर्मकरदासाश्च एतावच्च द्विपदचतुष्पदमिदं चैषु हिरण्यल्विष्टिशुल्कदण्डं समुत्तिष्ठतीति ॥ कZ_०२.३५.०४ ॥

Transliteration

teṣu caitāvac cāturvārṇyam etāvantaḥ karṣakagorakṣakavaidehakakārukarmakaradāsāś ca; etāvac ca dvipadacatuṣpadam; idaṃ ca eṣu hiraṇya-lviṣṭi-śulka-daṇḍaṃ samuttiṣṭhatīti

Translation

Within them he shall record: ‘this many belong to the four varṇas; this many are cultivators, cowherds, traders (vaidehaka), artisans, wage-labourers, and slaves; this many are bipeds and quadrupeds; and from these arise so much in cash revenue, corvée/service, tolls/customs, and fines.’

Word by Word

तेषुamong them / in those (groups)

चand

एतावत्this much; to this extent

चातुर्वार्ण्यम्the four varṇas (fourfold social order)

एतावन्तःso many; of this number

कर्षकfarmers; cultivators

गोरक्षकcowherds; cattle-protectors

वैदेहकvaidehakas (a named occupational group)

कारुartisans

कर्मकरlabourers; workers

दासाःslaves; servants

चand

एतावत्this much; to this extent

चand

द्विपत्bipeds; two-footed beings

चतुष्पत्quadrupeds; four-footed beings

इदम्this

चand

एषुamong these / in these

हिरण्यgold; money

ल्विष्टिforced labour; corvée

शुल्कtoll; duty; fee

दण्डम्punishment; fine

समुत्तिष्ठतिarises; accrues; comes forth

इतिthus

Entities Mentioned

households

occupational groups

livestock holdings

revenue streams (tolls, fines)

FAQs

Why combine occupational counts with tolls and fines?

Occupations predict economic activity and compliance risk; tolls reflect trade volume, and fines reflect enforcement—together enabling revenue projection and governance planning.