Sutra 41

Devanagari script

विक्रमो वल्गितमुपकण्ठमुपजवो जवश्च धाराः ॥ कZ_०२.३०.४१ ॥

Transliteration

vikramo valgitamupakaṇṭhamupajavo javaśca dhārāḥ

Translation

Within vikrama, the speed-gradations are: valgita, upakaṇṭha, upajava, and java.

Word by Word

• विक्रमः: stride; advance; valour/attack-movement
• Type: Noun
• Root: वि-क्रम्
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा-एकवचन; भाववाचक/क्रियावाचक संज्ञा (विक्रम = पराक्रम/पदविन्यास)

• वल्गितम्: leaping/prancing (movement)
• Type: Noun (verbal noun/PPP used substantively)
• Root: वल्ग्
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग; प्रथमा/द्वितीया-एकवचन; क्त-प्रत्ययान्त (वल्गित = उच्छ्राय/उत्क्षेप/उत्प्लव-चेष्टा)

• उपकण्ठम्: near the throat; at the neck
• Type: Noun
• Root: उप + कण्ठ
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग; प्रथमा/द्वितीया-एकवचन; अव्ययीभाव-प्रायः अर्थः ‘कण्ठस्य समीपे’ (near the throat/neck region)

• उपजवः: a quick rush; closing speed
• Type: Noun
• Root: उप + जव
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा-एकवचन; ‘जव’ (वेग) इत्यस्य उपसर्गयुक्त-रूपम्

• जवः: speed; swiftness
• Type: Noun
• Root: जव
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा-एकवचन; वेगवाचक संज्ञा

• च: and
• Type: Particle
• Root: च
• Form: समुच्चयार्थक अव्यय

• धाराः: streams/lines; (here) lines/series of blows or cutting edges
• Type: Noun
• Root: धारा
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग; प्रथमा-बहुवचन; ‘धारा’ = प्रवाह/रेखा/धार (stream/line/edge)

Entities Mentioned

• cavalry
• commanders
• trainers

More Details

FAQs

What administrative advantage comes from codifying speed grades?

Commanders can issue precise movement orders and trainers can certify compliance, reducing chaos in maneuvers and improving coordination.