Adhyaya 353
Chapter 353: कारकं (Kāraka — Syntactic Relations) with Vibhakti-Artha (Case-Meaning Integration)
Continuing the Vyākaraṇa section after the treatment of neuter forms, this chapter begins with Sukanda’s pledge to explain kāraka together with the semantic force of vibhaktis (case-endings). It defines the agent (kartṛ) as independent and distinguishes causative agency, then sets out taxonomies: the doer is fivefold and the object (karma) sevenfold, illustrated with ethically charged, Vaiṣṇava examples—bowing to Viṣṇu with Śrī, worship for Hari’s auspiciousness, and liberation through namaskāra to Viṣṇu. The exposition then proceeds kāraka by kāraka—instrument (karaṇa), recipient (sampradāna), source/separation (apādāna), and locus (adhikaraṇa)—mapping each to case usage and noting special constructions (karmapravacanīyas with accusative; interjections like namaḥ/svāhā with dative; third and sixth in “anabhihita” contexts). It also records stylistic/semantic faults (vaiṣayika, sāmīpyaka) and conventional locatives, and concludes with genitive applications and a restriction against genitive with certain derivative formations. Throughout, technical grammar is presented as Agneya Vidyā serving dharma, clarity of injunction, and devotion-centered meaning.
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Frequently Asked Questions
The chapter emphasizes kāraka–vibhakti integration: how agent, object, instrument, recipient, source, and locus relations are expressed through specific case-endings, including special rules for karmapravacanīyas, interjections (namaḥ/svāhā), and ‘anabhihita’ (unstated-sense) contexts.
By making linguistic roles and case-meanings precise, it safeguards correct understanding of śāstric injunctions and devotional statements; its examples explicitly point to Hari/Viṣṇu as the liberating refuge, aligning grammatical mastery (vidyā) with dharma-practice and mukti-oriented devotion.