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Shloka 3

कृप-अर्जुन रथयुद्धम्

Kṛpa–Arjuna Chariot Engagement

तेषां कालातिरेकेण ज्योतिषां च व्यतिक्रमात्‌ । पञज्चमे पज्चमे वर्षे द्वौ मासावुपजायत:,इन पक्ष-मास आदिके समयके बढ़ने-घटनेसे और ग्रह-नक्षत्रोंकी गतिके व्यतिक्रमसे हर पाँचवें वर्षमें दो महीने अधिमासके बढ़ जाते हैं

teṣāṃ kālātirekeṇa jyotiṣāṃ ca vyatikramāt | pañcame pañcame varṣe dvau māsāv upajāyataḥ ||

Bhīṣma sprach: Weil sich bei der Zeitrechnung ein Überschuss oder Mangel ergibt und weil die Bewegungen der Himmelslichter nicht vollkommen zusammenfallen, entstehen in jedem fünften Jahr zwei zusätzliche Monate (Schaltmonate), die die Ordnung des Kalenders wiederherstellen.

तेषाम्of those (months/periods)
तेषाम्:
Adhikarana
TypePronoun
Rootतद्
FormMasculine/Neuter, Genitive, Plural
कालातिरेकेणby excess of time
कालातिरेकेण:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootकालातिरेक
FormMasculine, Instrumental, Singular
ज्योतिषाम्of the luminaries (astral bodies)
ज्योतिषाम्:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootज्योतिष्
FormNeuter, Genitive, Plural
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
व्यतिक्रमात्from/owing to deviation (irregularity)
व्यतिक्रमात्:
Apadana
TypeNoun
Rootव्यतिक्रम
FormMasculine, Ablative, Singular
पञ्चमेin the fifth
पञ्चमे:
Adhikarana
TypeAdjective (ordinal)
Rootपञ्चम
FormNeuter, Locative, Singular
पञ्चमेin the fifth
पञ्चमे:
Adhikarana
TypeAdjective (ordinal)
Rootपञ्चम
FormNeuter, Locative, Singular
वर्षेyear
वर्षे:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootवर्ष
FormNeuter, Locative, Singular
द्वौtwo
द्वौ:
Karta
TypeNumeral (adjective)
Rootद्वि
FormMasculine, Nominative, Dual
मासौmonths
मासौ:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootमास
FormMasculine, Nominative, Dual
उपजायतःarise/come into being (as an addition)
उपजायतः:
TypeVerb
Rootउप-√जन्
FormPresent, Third, Dual, Atmanepada

भीष्म उवाच

B
Bhīṣma
J
jyotiṣ (luminaries: sun/moon/planets)

Educational Q&A

Bhīṣma explains that timekeeping must account for astronomical discrepancy: when lunar and solar measures fall out of step, intercalary months arise to realign the calendar, preserving orderly observance of duties tied to proper timing.

In Bhīṣma’s discourse, he describes how variations in calendrical time and the non-uniform alignment of celestial motions lead to the periodic addition of extra months—an explanation of how traditional reckoning maintains consistency for rites and social order.