Shloka 20

Sup–Tiṅ Foundations: Prātipadika, Vibhaktis/Kārakas, and Lakāras

Tense–Mood System

Devanagari script

आदेशा इड्बहिमहि धातुतोथ णिजादिवत् / नाम्नि प्रयुज्यमाने ऽपि प्रथमः पुरुषो भवेत्

Transliteration

ādeśā iḍbahimahi dhātutotha ṇijādivat / nāmni prayujyamāne 'pi prathamaḥ puruṣo bhavet

Translation

Auch wenn eine Verbform zusammen mit einem Nomen (Namen) gebraucht wird: Wenn der ādeśa (Ersatz) wie iṭ, bahī oder mahi aus der Wurzel (dhātu) hervorgegangen ist und wie kausative und ähnliche Bildungen (ṇij-ādi) wirkt, dann ist die Konstruktion nach prathama (3. Person) zu fassen.

Word by Word

• आदेशाः: substitutes/replacements
• आदेशाः: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: आदेश (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), बहुवचन

• इट्: iṭ (augment)
• इट्: Sambandha (Enumeration/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: इट् (प्रत्यय/आगम)
• Form: प्रत्ययनाम; प्रथमा, एकवचन; ‘इट्’ आगम-निर्देश

• बहि: bahi (ending)
• बहि: Sambandha (Enumeration/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: बहि (प्रत्यय/तिङ्-प्रत्याहार)
• Form: प्रत्ययनाम; प्रथमा, एकवचन; ‘बहि’ (1st sg ātmanepada in some lakāras)

• महि: mahi (ending)
• महि: Sambandha (Enumeration/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: महि (प्रत्यय/तिङ्-प्रत्याहार)
• Form: प्रत्ययनाम; प्रथमा, एकवचन; ‘महि’ (1st pl ātmanepada in some lakāras)

• धातुतः: from the root
• धातुतः: Apadana (Ablative/अपादान)
• Type: Noun
• Root: धातु (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, पञ्चमी (5th/पञ्चमी), एकवचन

• अथ: then
• अथ: Sambandha (Sequencer/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: अथ (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; अनुक्रमार्थक (then/next)

• णिजादिवत्: like ṇij and the rest
• णिजादिवत्: Sambandha (Comparison/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: णिज् (प्रत्यय) + आदि (प्रातिपदिक) + वत् (प्रातिपदिक/तद्धित)
• Form: अव्ययीभावसमास; ‘णिजादि’ इव (like ṇij etc.); अव्ययप्रयोगः

• नाम्नि: in a noun/name
• नाम्नि: Adhikarana (Locative/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: नामन् (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, सप्तमी (7th/सप्तमी), एकवचन

• प्रयुज्यमाने: when being used/applied
• प्रयुज्यमाने: Adhikarana (Locative/अधिकरण)
• Type: Verb
• Root: प्र + युज् (धातु)
• Form: शानच् (present passive participle/कृत्), सप्तमी (7th/सप्तमी), एकवचन; नपुंसक/पुंलिङ्गे सति (locative absolute sense possible)

• अपि: even/also
• अपि: Sambandha (Concession/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: अपि (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; अप्यर्थक निपात (even/also)

• प्रथमः: first
• प्रथमः: Visheshana (Qualifier/विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: प्रथम (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), एकवचन; पुरुष-विशेषण

• पुरुषः: person (grammatical person)
• पुरुषः: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: पुरुष (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), एकवचन

• भवेत्: should be/becomes
• भवेत्: Kriya (Verb/क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: भू (धातु)
• Form: विधिलिङ् (Optative/विधिलिङ्), प्रथमपुरुष (3rd/प्रथम), एकवचन; परस्मैपदम्

Speaker

Lord Vishnu (teaching Garuda/Vinata-putra)

Philosophical Teaching

Concept: When an ādeśa (substitute form) like iṭ/bahī/mahi arises from the dhātu and functions like ṇij-ādi formations, even if used with a noun, the construction is taken as first person.

Vedantic Theme: Causal grounding of meaning: derivational source (dhātu-based) governs interpretation over surface association.

Application: In parsing expressions where a verb-form appears alongside a name/noun, prioritize the dhātu-derived ādeśa behavior to determine puruṣa (here, prathama per the verse’s rule statement) and avoid misconstrual.

Verse Rasa

Primary Rasa: shanta

Cross References

Related Themes: Garuda Purana 1.205.18-19 (puruṣa and tiṅ paradigms that this rule presupposes)

Characters & Entities

• Vishnu
• Garuda

FAQs

What is the importance of this grammatical rule in the Garuda Purana?

It clarifies how to interpret person (puruṣa) in verb-usage, helping ensure correct understanding and recitation when noun-based expressions appear alongside root-derived substitute forms.

How does this verse relate to the Garuda Purana’s broader teachings?

Alongside dharma and ritual instruction, the text also preserves technical guidance (like vyākaraṇa) so that sacred language is applied correctly and meaning is not distorted.

Practical application of this wisdom today?

When studying or chanting Sanskrit passages, apply proper grammatical person interpretation—especially where substitute/derived forms occur—so translations and recitations remain faithful to the intended sense.