Sutra 5

Devanagari script

सम्भूय समुत्थानम् विक्रीतक्रीतानुशयः दत्तस्य अनपाकर्म अस्वामिविक्रयः स्वस्वामिसम्बन्धः साहसम् वाक्पारुष्यम् दण्डपारुष्यम् द्यूतसमाह्वयम् प्रकीर्णकं इति धर्मस्थीयं तृतीयमधिकरणम् ॥ कZ_०१.१.०५ब् ॥

Transliteration

sambhūya samutthānam vikrītakrītānuśayaḥ dattasya anapākarma asvāmivikrayaḥ svasvāmisambandhaḥ sāhasam vākpāruṣyam daṇḍapāruṣyam dyūtasamāhvayam prakīrṇakaṃ iti dharmasthīyaṃ tṛtīyam adhikaraṇam.

Translation

‘যৌথ উদ্যোগ; বিক্রি বা কেনা জিনিস নিয়ে অনুশয়/বিরোধ (বাতিল/প্রত্যাহার); দেওয়া জিনিস ফেরত না দেওয়া; অ-মালিকের দ্বারা বিক্রয়; মালিকানা ও প্রভু–দাস/চাকর সম্পর্ক সংক্রান্ত বিরোধ; সহিংস কার্য; বাক্-অপমান/গালিগালাজ; শারীরিক আঘাত; জুয়া ও বাজি; এবং বিবিধ বিষয়’—এগুলো ধর্মস্থীয় (দেওয়ানি-ন্যায়িক) বিভাগের তৃতীয় অধিকরণ।

Word by Word

• सम्भूय: having jointly assembled; jointly
• Type: Gerund (Absolutive)
• Root: सम्-भू
• Form: क्त्वा-प्रत्ययान्त अव्यय (सम् + भू + य), ‘having assembled/combined’

• समुत्थानम्: joint enterprise; collective undertaking
• Type: Noun
• Root: सम्-उत्-स्था
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन; ‘arising/enterprise’

• विक्रीत: sold
• Type: Past participle (Kṛdanta)
• Root: वि-क्री
• Form: कृत-प्रत्ययान्त (क्त), ‘sold’ (समासे पूर्वपद)

• क्रीत: bought
• Type: Past participle (Kṛdanta)
• Root: क्री
• Form: कृत-प्रत्ययान्त (क्त), ‘bought’ (समासे पूर्वपद)

• अनुशयः: claim/complaint (esp. regarding sale and purchase)
• Type: Noun
• Root: अनु-शी
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन; ‘grievance/claim; latent defect/ground of complaint’

• दत्तस्य: of what has been given
• Type: Noun (from PPP)
• Root: दा
• Form: ‘दत्त’ (क्त-प्रत्ययान्त) + षष्ठी एकवचन (नपुंसक/पुं/स्त्री सन्दर्भानुसार); ‘of what is given’

• अनपाकर्म: non-return; failure to restore/repay
• Type: Noun
• Root: अप-आ-√कृ (अपाकर्म) / ‘अपाकर्मन्’ (न.)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन; ‘non-performance of return/repayment; failure to make good’

• अस्वामि: a non-owner
• Type: Noun
• Root: अ-स्वामिन्
• Form: नञ्-तत्पुरुष-भाव (अ + स्वामिन्), ‘non-owner’ (समासे पूर्वपद)

• विक्रयः: sale
• Type: Noun
• Root: वि-क्रि
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन; ‘sale’

• स्व: own
• Type: Pronoun/Adjective (Pronominal stem)
• Root: स्व
• Form: समासे पूर्वपद; ‘one’s own’

• स्वामि: owner
• Type: Noun
• Root: स्वामिन्
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; समासे पूर्वपद; ‘owner/master’

• सम्बन्धः: relationship; connection
• Type: Noun
• Root: सम्-बन्ध्
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन; ‘relation/connection’

• साहसम्: forcible act; violence
• Type: Noun
• Root: साहस
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन; ‘violence/forcible act; assault/robbery’

• वाक्: speech; words
• Type: Noun
• Root: वाच्
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग; समासे पूर्वपद; ‘speech/words’

• पारुष्यम्: harshness; abuse
• Type: Noun
• Root: पारुष्य
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन; ‘harshness/abuse’

• दण्ड: staff; force; punishment
• Type: Noun
• Root: दण्ड
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; समासे पूर्वपद; ‘staff; punishment; force’

• पारुष्यम्: violence; physical abuse
• Type: Noun
• Root: पारुष्य
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन; ‘harshness/assault’

• द्यूत: gambling
• Type: Noun
• Root: द्यूत
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग; समासे पूर्वपद; ‘gambling’

• समाह्वयम्: challenge; contest (esp. in gambling)
• Type: Noun
• Root: सम्-आ-ह्वे
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन; ‘challenge; calling/contest’

• प्रकीर्णकम्: miscellaneous (cases)
• Type: Noun/Adjective used as Noun
• Root: प्र-कीर्ण (from √कॄ/कीर् ‘to scatter’) / प्रकीर्णक
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन; ‘miscellaneous; scattered matters’

• इति: thus; as follows
• Type: Particle
• Root: इति
• Form: निपात; उद्धरण/समाप्त्यर्थ

• धर्मस्थीयम्: pertaining to the court/judicial authority
• Type: Adjective (used substantively)
• Root: धर्मस्थीय
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन; ‘pertaining to the dharmastha (judge/court)’

• तृतीयम्: third
• Type: Ordinal adjective
• Root: तृतीय
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन; ‘third’

• अधिकरणम्: chapter; section; topic
• Type: Noun
• Root: अधि-√कृ (अधिकरण)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन; ‘topic/chapter; case-category’

More Details

FAQs

What is the strategic objective (Artha) of this verse?

To define the state’s judicial scope by enumerating actionable legal categories, enabling predictable adjudication of contracts, property, labor relations, and public-order offenses—thereby protecting economic activity and social stability.

How does this apply to modern governance?

It parallels modern legal codification: clear topic-headings for courts and regulators (contracts, consumer/sale disputes, restitution, title fraud, employment relations, assault, and gambling control) reduce uncertainty, deter wrongdoing, and improve compliance and market confidence.

What is the specific duty of the ruler/official mentioned?

No single official is named here; the implied duty of the king’s judicial apparatus (courts/judges) is to classify disputes under recognized legal heads and adjudicate them consistently to secure property rights, enforce transactions, and maintain public order.