Sutra 11

Devanagari script

विवाहानां तु त्रयाणां पूर्वेषां वर्णानां पाणिग्रहणात्सिद्धमुपावर्तनं शूद्राणां च प्रकर्मणः ॥ कZ_०३.१५.११ ॥

Transliteration

vivāhānāṃ tu trayāṇāṃ pūrveṣāṃ varṇānāṃ pāṇigrahaṇātsiddhamupāvartanaṃ śūdrāṇāṃ ca prakarmaṇaḥ

Translation

বিবাহের ক্ষেত্রে—প্রথম তিন বর্ণের জন্য উপাবর্তন (ফেরত/বিবাহ-বাতিল) পাণিগ্রহণ থেকেই প্রতিষ্ঠিত; আর শূদ্রদের ক্ষেত্রে সহবাস/সংসর্গের আরম্ভ (প্রকর্মণ) থেকে।

Word by Word

विवाहानाम्of marriages (marriage-types)

तुbut; however

त्रयाणाम्of three

पूर्वेषाम्of the earlier/preceding

वर्णानाम्of the varṇas (social classes)

पाणिग्रहणात्from/through the hand-taking (marriage rite)

सिद्धम्is established; becomes valid

उपावर्तनम्the (rite of) upāvartana / return (ceremonial completion)

शूद्राणाम्of Śūdras

चand

प्रकर्मणःfrom/according to the prakarman (prescribed initial/operative rite)

Entities Mentioned

brāhmaṇa

kṣatriya

vaiśya

śūdra

bride

groom

court

FAQs

What administrative function is served by defining a clear ‘trigger point’ for marriage remedies?

It reduces ambiguity in disputes (dowry/śulka, strīdhana, separation) by fixing when legal consequences attach, enabling predictable adjudication.