Sutra 1

Devanagari script

विक्रीय पण्यमप्रयच्छतो द्वादशपणो दण्डः अन्यत्र दोषोपनिपाताविषह्येभ्यः ॥ कZ_०३.१५.०१ ॥

Transliteration

vikrīya paṇyamaprayacchato dvādaśapaṇo daṇḍaḥ anyatra doṣopanipātāviṣahyebhyaḥ

Translation

পণ্য বিক্রি করে যে তা হস্তান্তর করে না, তার দণ্ড বারো পণ—তবে পণ্যে ত্রুটি, বিপর্যয়/আপদ, বা অপ্রতিরোধ্য পরিস্থিতির ক্ষেত্রে নয়।

Word by Word

• विक्रीय: having sold; after selling
• Type: Verb (absolutive/gerund)
• Root: वि+क्री
• Form: कृदन्त; ल्यप् (क्त्वार्थे) अव्यय; ‘विक्रीय’ = ‘विक्रयम् कृत्वा/विक्रित्वा’

• पण्यम्: merchandise; goods for sale
• Type: Noun
• Root: पण्य
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग; एकवचन; द्वितीया

• अप्रयच्छतः: of (a seller) who does not deliver (the goods)
• Type: Verb (present participle)
• Root: प्र+यम् (यच्छति)
• Form: वर्तमानकृदन्त; शतृ; परस्मैपदी; पुंलिङ्ग; षष्ठी एकवचन (सम्बन्धे) — ‘(तस्य) अप्रयच्छतः’ = ‘of one who does not deliver/give’

• द्वादशपणः: (a fine) of twelve paṇas
• Type: Numeral + Noun (amount)
• Root: द्वादश + पण
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; एकवचन; प्रथमा (दण्डस्य विशेषणम्)

• दण्डः: fine; punishment
• Type: Noun
• Root: दण्ड
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; एकवचन; प्रथमा

• अन्यत्र: except; otherwise than
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: अन्यत्र
• Form: अव्यय; अपवादार्थे ‘except/in cases other than’

• दोषोपनिपाताविषह्येभ्यः: from (cases) where non-delivery is unavoidable due to the supervening occurrence of a defect
• Type: Adjective (from compound)
• Root: दोष + उपनिपात + अविषह्य
• Form: बहुव्रीह्यर्थे प्रयोगः सम्भवति; पुल्लिङ्ग/नपुंसकलिङ्ग; बहुवचन; पञ्चमी (अपादान/अपवाद) — ‘दोष-उपनिपात-अविषह्य’ = ‘(those) unavoidable due to the occurrence of a defect’

Entities Mentioned

• seller
• buyer
• paṇa (currency)

More Details

FAQs

How does this sutra balance enforcement with fairness?

It sets a predictable penalty for intentional non-performance while carving out exceptions for defects and uncontrollable events, reducing unjust punishment and stabilizing commerce.