Previous Verse
Next Verse

Shloka 40

Varṇa-dharma and Rājadharma: Yudhiṣṭhira’s Inquiry and Bhīṣma’s Normative Outline (वर्णधर्म-राजधर्म-प्रश्नोत्तरम्)

प्रकाशश्चाप्रकाशश्न दण्डो5थ परिशब्दित: । प्रकाशो5ष्टविधस्तत्र गुहाश्न बहुविस्तर:,प्रकट और गुप्त दो प्रकारकी सेनाओंका भी वर्णन किया गया है। उनमें प्रकट सेना आठ प्रकारकी बतायी गयी है और गुप्त सेनाका विस्तार बहुत अधिक कहा गया है

prakāśaś cāprakāśaś ca daṇḍo 'tha pariśabditaḥ | prakāśo 'ṣṭavidhās tatra guhyaś ca bahuvistaraḥ ||

قال بيشما: إن وسيلة الإكراه والعقوبة (داṇḍa) موصوفة بأنها نوعان: ظاهرة (معلنة) وخفية (مستترة). فالظاهر منها يُقال إنه ذو ثمانية أقسام، أما الخفي فمذكورٌ أن له مدى واسعًا شديد التعقيد. ويؤطّر هذا التعليم سياسة الحكم في إطارٍ أخلاقي: ينبغي فهم العقوبة والقوة في عملهما المرئي والمستور، لكي يكبح الحاكم الشرّ دون أن ينزلق إلى أذى اعتباطي أو ضررٍ سريّ.

प्रकाशःthe manifest (force/army)
प्रकाशः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootप्रकाश
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
अप्रकाशःthe unmanifest/secret (force/army)
अप्रकाशः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootअप्रकाश
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
दण्डःpunishment/rod; coercive power
दण्डः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootदण्ड
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
अथthen/also
अथ:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootअथ
परिशब्दितःis designated/termed
परिशब्दितः:
TypeVerb
Rootपरि-शब्द्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular, क्त (past passive participle)
प्रकाशःthe manifest (force/army)
प्रकाशः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootप्रकाश
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
अष्टविधःeightfold
अष्टविधः:
TypeAdjective
Rootअष्टविध
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
तत्रthere/in that context
तत्र:
Adhikarana
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतत्र
गुह्यःsecret/hidden
गुह्यः:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootगुह्य
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
बहुविस्तरःof great extent/very expansive
बहुविस्तरः:
TypeAdjective
Rootबहुविस्तर
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular

भीष्म उवाच

B
Bhishma
D
Daṇḍa (punitive authority)

Educational Q&A

Daṇḍa (the ruler’s coercive authority) operates in two modes—open and concealed. Ethical governance requires recognizing both: visible enforcement has defined forms, while hidden measures are broader and therefore demand greater restraint and discernment to remain aligned with dharma.

In Bhishma’s instruction on rajadharma in the Shanti Parva, he classifies the instruments of punishment/force. He states that daṇḍa is of two kinds (open and secret), notes that the open kind is eightfold, and indicates that the secret kind has extensive scope.