Sutra 8

Devanagari script

मुषितं प्रवासितं चैषामनिर्गतं रात्रौ ग्रामस्वामी दद्यात् ॥ कZ_०४.१३.०८ ॥

Transliteration

muṣitaṃ pravāsitaṃ caiṣāmanirgataṃ rātrau grāmasvāmī dadyāt

Translation

إذا سُرقت ممتلكاتهم أو لحقهم ضرر أثناء مكوثهم ليلًا (أي قبل أن يغادروا)، فعلى رئيس القرية/مالكها (grāmasvāmī) أن يعوّضهم.

Word by Word

• मुषितम्: (property) stolen
• Type: Participle (Verbal adjective)
• Root: मुṣ् (मुष्)
• Form: कृदन्त; भूतकर्मणि क्त-प्रत्यय (past passive participle); नपुंसकलिङ्ग; एकवचन; प्रथमा/द्वितीया (contextually ‘that which has been stolen’)

• प्रवासितम्: (property) carried away / removed
• Type: Participle (Verbal adjective)
• Root: प्र-√वस् (वस्)
• Form: कृदन्त; भूतकर्मणि क्त-प्रत्यय; नपुंसकलिङ्ग; एकवचन; प्रथमा/द्वितीया (contextually ‘that which has been carried away/removed’)

• च: and
• Type: Particle
• Root: च
• Form: समुच्चयार्थक अव्यय

• एषाम्: of these (persons)
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: इदम् (एतद्-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: षष्ठी; बहुवचन; (of these persons)

• अनिर्गतम्: not brought out / not forthcoming
• Type: Participle (Verbal adjective)
• Root: अन्-निर्-√गम् (गम्)
• Form: नञ्-पूर्वक; कृदन्त; भूतकर्मणि क्त-प्रत्यय (understood: ‘न निर्गतम्’ = not gone out/ not produced); नपुंसकलिङ्ग; एकवचन; प्रथमा/द्वितीया

• रात्रौ: at night
• Type: Noun
• Root: रात्रि
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग; एकवचन; सप्तमी (locative of time)

• ग्रामस्वामी: the village head (grama-lord)
• Type: Noun
• Root: ग्राम + स्वामिन्
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; एकवचन; प्रथमा (कर्ता)

• दद्यात्: should give / should pay (compensation)
• Type: Verb
• Root: √दा (दा)
• Form: विधिलिङ् (optative); परस्मैपद; प्रथमपुरुष; एकवचन

Entities Mentioned

• village headman (grāmasvāmī)
• caravan merchants/guests

More Details

FAQs

What governance mechanism is this creating?

A liability rule that incentivizes village leadership to provide effective night security for lodged traders/guests.

How does this affect trade and revenue?

It increases trader confidence and stabilizes commerce, indirectly supporting taxation and market activity.